Biography of Anna Comnena, the First Female Historian

Byzantine Princess Anna Comnena (Dec. 1 or 2, 1083–1153) was the first woman known to personally record historical events as a historian.  She also was a political figure who attempted to influence royal succession in the Byzantine Empire. In addition to The Alexiad, her 15-volume history on her fathers reign and related events, she wrote on medicine and ran a hospital and is sometimes identified as a physician. Fast Facts: Anna Comnena Known For: First female historianAlso Known As: Anna Komnene, Anna Komnena, Anna of ByzantiumBorn: Dec. 1 or 2, 1083 in Constantinople, Byzantine EmpireParents: Emperor Alexius I Comnenus, Irene DucasDied: 1153 in Constantinople, Byzantine EmpirePublished Work: The AlexiadSpouse: Nicephorus Bryennius Early Life and Education Anna Comnena was born on Dec. 1 or 2, 1083, in Constantinople, which was then the capital city of the Byzantine Empire and later of the Latin and Ottoman empires and finally of Turkey. It has been called Istanbul since the early 20th century. Her mother was Irene Ducas and her father was the Emperor Alexius I Comnenus, who ruled from 1081 to 1118. She was the eldest of her fathers children, born in Constantinople just a few years after he took over the throne as emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire by seizing it from Nicephorus III. Anna seems to have been a favorite of her father. She was betrothed at a young age to Constantine Ducas, a cousin on her mothers side and a son of Michael VII, the predecessor to Nicephorus III, and Maria Alania. She was then placed under Maria Alanias care, a common practice of the time. The young Constantine was named a co-emperor and was expected to be heir to Alexius I, who at that time had no sons. When Annas brother John was born, Constantine no longer had a claim on the throne. He died before the marriage could take place. As with some other medieval Byzantine royal women, Comnena was well-educated. She studied the classics, philosophy, music, science, and mathematics. Her studies included astronomy and medicine, topics about which she wrote later in her life.  As a royal daughter, she also studied military strategy, history, and geography. Although she credits her parents with being supportive of her education, her contemporary, Georgias Tornikes, said at her funeral that shed had to study ancient poetry—including The Odyssey—surreptitiously, as her parents disapproved of her reading about polytheism. Marriage In 1097 at the age of 14, Comnena married Nicephorus Bryennius, who was also a historian.  They had four children together in their 40 years of marriage. Bryennius had some claim to the throne as a statesman and general, and Comnena joined her mother, the Empress Irene, in a vain attempt to persuade her father to disinherit her brother, John, and replace him in the line of succession with Bryennius. Alexius appointed Comnena to head a 10,000-bed hospital and orphanage in Constantinople. She taught medicine there and at other hospitals and developed expertise on gout, an illness from which her father suffered. Later, when her father was dying, Comnena used her medical knowledge to choose from among the possible treatments for him. He died despite her efforts in 1118, and her brother John became emperor, John II Comnenus. Succession Plots After her brother was on the throne, Comnena and her mother plotted to overthrow him and to replace him with Annas husband, but Bryennius apparently refused to take part in the plot. Their plans were discovered and thwarted, Anna and her husband had to leave the court, and Anna lost her estates. When Comnenas husband died in 1137, she and her mother were sent to live in the convent of Kecharitomene, which Irene had founded.  The convent was devoted to learning, and there, at age 55, Comnena began serious work on the book for which she will long be remembered. The Alexiad A historical account of her fathers life and reign that her late husband had begun, The Alexiad totaled 15 volumes when it was completed and was written in Greek rather than in Latin, the spoken language of her place and time. In addition to recounting her fathers accomplishments, the book became a valuable source to later historians as a pro-Byzantine account of the early Crusades. While the book was written to praise Alexius accomplishments, Annas place at court for most of the period it covered made it more than that. She had been privy to details that were unusually accurate for histories of the time period. She wrote about the military, religious, and political aspects of history and was skeptical of the value of the Latin churchs First Crusade, which occurred during her fathers reign. She also wrote of her isolation at the convent and of her disgust with her husbands unwillingness to carry through with the plot that would have put him on the throne, noting that perhaps their genders should have been reversed. Legacy In addition to recounting her fathers reign, the book describes religious and intellectual activities within the empire and reflects the Byzantine  concept  of the imperial office. It also is a valuable account of the early Crusades, including character sketches of the First Crusades leaders and of others with whom Anna had direct contact. Comnena also wrote in The Alexiad about medicine and astronomy, demonstrating her considerable knowledge of science. She included references to the accomplishments of a number of women, including her influential grandmother Anna Dalassena. The Alexiad  was first translated into English in 1928 by another pioneering woman, Elizabeth Dawes, a  British classical scholar and the first woman to receive a doctorate in literature from the University of London. Sources Anna Comnena: Byzantine Princess. Encyclopedia Britannica.Anna Comnena: Byzantine Historian of the First Crusade. Women in World History Curriculum.

Essay on Nature in American Literature - 917 Words

Nature in American Literature In American Literature many authors write about nature and how nature affects mans lives. In life, nature is an important part of people. Many people live, work, or partake in revelry in nature. Nature has received attention from authors spanning several centuries. Their attitudes vary over time and also reflect the different outlooks of the authors who chose to discuss this important historical movement. A further examination of this movement, reveals prevalence of natures influence on man and how it affects their lives. An early work in American Literature, Thanatopsis, is also one of the most influential works of nature and how it affects man. This work portrays nature as†¦show more content†¦In this work, man is an object in the middle of living nature. Nature itself draws us from dependence upon the past and invites us to a richer state of being. Do not remember the past for [t]he sun shines today†¦[t]here is more wool and flax in the fields†¦[t]here are new lands, new men, new thoughts(215). Which suggests that because there is always a tomorrow. Man should not focus on the present and be more concentrated on what will be happening in the future. Emerson believed that nature was beautiful and nowhere else on earth could he find the majestic settings of the macrocosm. As Emerson declares [in] wilderness, [he finds] something more dear and connate than in streets or villages(216). He cannot find anything more loved and kindred than in towns and cities than what he finds in nature. Unlike Thanatopsis, Emerson focuses on the living and not the defunct. He tells us that [in] the tranquil landscape, and especially in the distant line of the horizon, man beholds somewhat as beautiful as his own nature(216). Mans nature is more beautiful than the outside of his exterior. Therefore, according to this attitude, mans life is just a mere dot in this world of blackness. In 1854 Thoreau wrote the short story of Walden, eighteen years later from the publication of Nature and forty-three years later from the publication of Thanatopsis. In this work Thoreau presents anShow MoreRelatedThe Value Of Literature Courses1428 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the value of literature courses? We live in an age where information is conveyed in 140 characters. Why should students be required to read longer works? (By way of helping students get started ... this question is based on your opinion and you should make a short argument for or against. It is okay to use first person, I.) Literature courses force people to think outside of their own cultural perceptions. They give students the ability to think critically and to analyze problems by lookingRead MoreRomantic Period of Literature in America Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesBeginning early in the 17th century, American authors and poets alike began the great shift in writing now known as the romantic period. This movement in literature has many influences, themes, and writing styles that can be highlighted with important works and authors. A promising frontier, new cultures brought by immigration, and a search for spiritual answers were all key influences in bringing about the romantic movement. Themes of the romantic period include nature as a refuge, high imaginationRead MoreThe Emergence Of Self Concept1489 Words   |  6 PagesThe Emergence of Self Throughout our history the idea of self has developed and proved to be a dominant concept that Americans have come to understand. Not defined or found in lineage, religion, or history, the concept of self is defined by a collection of values. These values and principles are rooted in individualism, self-actualization, and self-reliance where people are able to fulfill their own destiny and believe in the promise that through ward work and determination life can be differentRead MoreTranscendentalism And The American Renaissance1693 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Renaissance was a revolution for literature and writers in America itself that emphasized cultural authority. The American Renaissance took place throughout the nineteenth century, primarily in the early segment of this era. According to, The Norton Anthology of American Literature, â€Å"the idea of American Renaissance has been so influential in part of the literature of this time period, and was crucial to the deve lopment of American literary traditions† (4). This created a diverseRead MoreAmerica s World War II870 Words   |  4 Pagesdoubt that America’s World War II is a rich source of literature and a theme for many writers. As result, they wrote many works about war literature, such as novels, poetry, plays, diaries, and personal narrative. The American Literature was formed by the history of the state that produced it just like in other nationwide literature. America was just a cluster of colonies scattered alongside the eastern seaboard of the North American continent for approximately a century and a half. AfterRead More literature in America Essay916 Words   |  4 Pagesbuy a house, or go to church. We are free. We have opportunity to be whatever we want to make ourselves. When you ask, what is an American? I find it no different to ask, what is freedom? America and freedom are intertwined and this relationship is evident in American literature. The notion of freedom and everything relating to freedom unites all of the American literature we have read. In Twain’s Huckleberry Finn, Huck leaves the cuffs of society so he can live in his own freedom. He doesn’t let societyRead MoreNaturalism : The Great. Who Has Read American Literature1368 Words   |  6 PagesNaturalism the Great Anyone who has read American literature will know of the significance of naturalism as a literary genre in American literature. Merriam Webster’s definition of Naturalism is as follows: A theory that art or literature should conform exactly to nature or depict every appearance of the subject that comes to the artist’s attention, specifically a theory in literature emphasizing the role of heredity and environment upon human life and character development. Naturalism went fromRead MoreWhite Males And The American Writers922 Words   |  4 PagesIn this nature writing course and in all my literature courses there haven’t been many African American writers represented. This isn’t because they don’t exist, but because the more commonly known writers have the attributes of being more respected, and are widely accepted writers in American literature, who majority of the time are white males like Thoreau and Leopold. These are just examples, and they are good writers but there are also good African American writers that deserve just as muchRead MoreThe Philosophy of Transcendentalism Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagesplaced mainly on oneness with nature and God while making the possibility of social change a reality. Ralph Waldo Emerson was the leading American transcendentalist whose theories were a primary influence in transcendentalist thought and writing. Through the knowledge and direction of Ralph Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry David Thoreau also became leading scholars of their time by means of their influence on early American intellectual history and literature. â€Å"Transcendentalists were influencedRead MoreDiffferent Types of Colonial Literature Essay731 Words   |  3 Pages American literature extends its roots into colonial times. The works of the earliest North Americans include contributions by Natives and settlers alike, with many similar and differing historical influences, themes, and genres. The Native Americans, before colonial life even began, had developed a strong system of oral storytelling revolving mostly around mother nature. When the Puritans arrived, seeking religious asylum from Europe, their reserved and conservative ways leaked into colonial

Changing Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginal People Free Essays

Since the European invasion in 1788, Aboriginals have been treated poorly by the Australian government and have struggled to retain their rights and freedoms. Conflict emerged as the British colony expanded and Aboriginal land was taken from them. Due to conflict between the Aborigines and the British settlers, they were treated poorly and were refused rights and freedom. We will write a custom essay sample on Changing Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginal People or any similar topic only for you Order Now They were at risk under unfair industrial relations processes where they were not awarded equal pay, poor access to housing and reasonable living conditions, and on-going discrimination in Australian society. Overtime, aborigines contested leading to the change unequal government policies allowing them to obtain land rights, the reconciliation after issue with the stolen generation and the 1967 referendum which resulted with the inclusion of aborigines in the Australian constitution. There were many changes in the government policies overtime from initially being paternalistic to reconciliation. â€Å"Protection† was the first policy introduced relating to Indigenous people. It started due to the reduction in the Aboriginal population, and a growing consciousness of the general mistreatment of Aboriginal people. While this policy of protection commenced from 1869 to 1937, many civil rights of the aborigines were negated by the government. The Government were in control of the movement of Aboriginal people, leisure and sporting activities, work, earnings and possessions of Aboriginal people and marriages and family life. Continuing difficulties and criticisms of the treatment of Aboriginal people lead to the policy of â€Å"Assimilation† being introduced. In 1937 the commonwealth Government held a national conference on Aboriginal affairs. According to this new policy of ‘assimilation’, Aboriginal people would lose their identity but have their ‘status’ raised. The Assimilation Policy meant that the Aboriginal people were forced to stop the practices of their culture and adopt the culture and lifestyle of the white Australians, or the ‘majority’. Discrimination continued against the aboriginals and racism continued to spread, resulting in the eventual end of this policy in 1965. After the failure of the assimilation policy, the Commonwealth Government announced its policy of â€Å"Integration† in 1965 and then did little towards it. The policy meant that Indigenous Australians would be able to voice and openly celebrate their cultural differences. Aboriginal people are supposed to have more control over their life and society. The introduction of the policy self-determination was followed not long after. This was a policy of facilitating Indigenous people’s involvement in decision making for and management of their community. With this policy many aboriginal organisations developed to assist Aboriginal people to acquire land, to engage in business enterprises and to obtain finance for housing and other personal needs. On 2 September 1991, the federal Parliament unanimously passed the Council for â€Å"Reconciliation† Act. The Act established the 25-member Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation. The Council lobbied for recognition of customary law, self-government for Indigenous Australians, compensation for past injustices, a settlement of native title issues and recognition within the Constitution of Indigenous people’s rights. Reconciliation awaits the achievement of justice with regard to Indigenous land rights and to equity with other Australians in health, living conditions, education and employment. It was the final step towards improving equality within Australian society. The Indigenous Australian children known as the â€Å"Stolen Generations† were the result from a policy introduced in 1901. It was a dark time in Australian history where aboriginals were denied their rights and freedoms. This policy allowed children of Indigenous Australian and European descent to be removed from their families by the Australian Federal and State government agencies and church missions, under acts of their respective parliaments. This act was seen as an act of protection of Indigenous Australian children. These children were known as the stolen generations. The forced removal of Indigenous Australian children from their families was an official government policy designed to ‘assimilate’ or ‘breed out’ Indigenous people. It was estimated that 100,000 Indigenous Australian children were taken from their families and raised in homes or adopted by white families, up until the 1960s. Many of these children suffered abuse in their adoptive or foster homes and was not allowed to complain. Not only that the abduction was traumatic for the children, but also for the families, they were too, physically, psychologically and emotionally harmed. And by the late 1980’s, many of these children from the stolen generation lost their links with family and land, lost their understanding of kinship and missed out on being educated in the language, culture and traditions of their people. Many cultural and spiritual ties were crippled not only for the individuals, but families and even the whole communities. Change of rights and freedoms of Indigenous Australians was said to be the influence of the 1967 referendum. It was a vote that approved two amendments to the Australian constitution relating to Indigenous Australians. The 1967 Referendum proposed to include Aboriginal people in the census and to allow the Commonwealth government to make laws to improve rights and freedoms for Aboriginal people. On 27 May 1967, 90. 77% of Australian voters recorded the largest ever ‘Yes’ vote in a referendum to alter the Australian constitution. This referendum finally enabled Aboriginal people to be counted in the national census and to be subject to Commonwealth laws, rather than just state laws. On 10 August 1967 the act changing the Constitution became law in Australia. The Aboriginals worked hard and protested to achieve this, but many were disappointed prior to the 1967 referendum, not much changed for them and did not reduce the inequality. The referendum did not carry out their commitments in improving health, housing, employment and education for the Indigenous people. Though it was not as effective as it was thought to be, it was a large contribution in their fight for equal rights and freedom and the beginning of reconciliation. The change of equal rights and freedom for Aboriginals was a long and hard process. Indigenous Australians were treated poorly since 1788 settlement with unfair industrial relations processes where they were not awarded equal pay, poor access to housing and reasonable living conditions, and on-going discrimination in Australian society. It has taken many decades for any real change around land rights, discriminatory practices, financial assistance and preservation of cultural heritage to occur. Though many changes in rights and freedoms of aboriginals have been made, there are still many issues unsolved and will be a long time before they do. But so far, compared to a few decades before, Aboriginals have accomplished and gained many rights and freedoms since the British Settlement in 1788. How to cite Changing Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginal People, Papers

English Stories of Raymond Carver

Question: Discuss about theEnglishfor Stories of Raymond Carver. Answer: Introduction The Bath is one of the most popular stories written by Raymond Carver, that narrates the story of a couple, who are on the verge of losing their child to death owing to an accident, te boy confronted with, on the eighth year of his birthday. The author with the help of this story tries to explain the uncertainty of life, which is the major, pre-dominant theme running throughout the story. Scott shows the uncertainty of life, as he portrays the life of a couple getting shattered by a single mishap-the accident of their child. While the mother was excited to celebrate the birthday of the only child, by the time the reader arrives the middle of the story, he finds her left to ponder over the chance of survival of her only child. Further, to highlight a sense of uncertainty, the author also shows how the child, after being hit by the car was alright, and it is only after he came back to home, that he lost is sence and got hospitalized. The theme of uncertainty of life is clear throughout the story. In order to highlight the motif, the author keeps on offering jolts to the readers, by bringing in unexpected things. The story starts with a joyous note of the celebration of the boy, and even after Scott got hit by the accident, the reader does expect that nothing has changed as the boy returns home in perfect health. However, all of a sudden the boys shown to be hospitalized, and the reader along with the mother are left apprehending that the child is in coma. Further, the theme of uncertainty is again reinforced when the mother is shown passing through the waiting room at the hospital, where someone clad in housedress or another one in khaki shirt, is being shown to be awaiting healthcare provision. It shows how uncertain human life is, as one may get hospitalized even when it is least expected. The evidence is valid as the story illustrates a sense of uncertainty as the mother as well as the reader keeps on worrying if the child will get alright or not. The lack of understanding of what is happening around is also illustrated by the fact that the mother went to the extent of being superstitious, and left the hospital with the conviction that the child might get up if she was not watching him. The author shows life is uncertain and difficult to understand. The evidence is relevant as by the end of the story also, the readers are left to wonder if the child gets well or not. I have seen an uncle going out of his home in perfect health, and all of a sudden his family got a call from the hospital that he had a stroke and that his health was not stable at all. I partially agree with the authors view. Even though I am not fatalistic by nature, yet I have seen how people go through difficult times, where they do not get to control anything. A person who is smiling now, may not have a single reason to smile in the next moment. Reference List: Carver, R. (2015).Beginners. Vintage. Carver, R. (2015).Call if you need me: the uncollected fiction and other prose. Vintage. Halfon, S., Weinstein, L. (2016). Literary and analytic transformations of trauma: Repetition, revision and rebirth in two stories of Raymond Carver.Psychoanalytic Psychology,33(S1), S120. Hodge, M. (2014). Bicycles, Muscles, Cigarettes, and ESL: Raymond Carver in the Classroom.Teaching American Literature,7.

Assessing the Challenges in Treating Substance Abuse among members of Hispanic Families

The Glass Menagerie-Characterization and symbolism in Tennessee Williams play.

The Glass Menagerie-Characterization and symbolism in Tennessee Williams play. People have a certain way of thinking, feeling, and reacting that is known as human nature. In everyday life many actions, however unintentional, give clues to our personal agendas. Insecurities, especially, have a way of showing their presence through gestures, eye contact (or lack thereof), and verbal utterings. In "The Glass Menagerie", Tennessee Williams utilizes intense characterizations to illustrate the specific traits of his various fictional personas.In the mother, Amanda, the reader sees an aging Southern belle who is so afraid of the farewell bow of her youth that she tries to live vicariously through her daughter. She repeatedly tells wistful stories of her days as "belle of the ball", almost as if she says the words enough she can regain her past. She is a harpy, a personality product evident in many people whose lives have taken an unexpected downward spiral. While her demeanor suggests displeasure with the actions of those around her, in actuality it is evidence of her displeasure with her own choices and life path.English: Last Will and Testament of Tennessee Will...People who live in the past tend to feel that if they can just get back there again, for even one fleeting moment, they can erase mistakes and begin anew. Amanda is to be pitied more than disliked, for anyone con-sumed with that much self-regret is inflicting punishment enough upon him or herself.Tom is overwhelmed by his responsibilities for the care of his mother and sister. He is angry with his father for leaving a son in this position while feeling that he has done nothing to deserve this fate. He writes to escape the realities of his existence and to rage against the fates (his father) that have done this to him. He has been patient for a very long time, but that patience is...

Case 29 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case 29 - Coursework Example Equally, United Technologies Corporation has not been left out in same scenarios. Integrating the new branch previously run from a different forum from that of UTC forms the companys crisis. The large population of 46000 employees also hinders the companys integration of the Chubb system. United Technologies Corporation faces the challenges of harmonizing the new task force with their code of conduct. The aspect of integration becomes a challenge since the employees served under the company that lacked ethics. Therefore, there is a likelihood of experiencing resistances from the employees. The other obstacle is the distance. Most of the Chubb’s sub branches are located far away from the Headquarters. It is then evident that, training process of the employee will require more investment due to movements, and time since the distribution of systems spread across the globe. The concept of open management structure is the other obstacle. There is no organized structure entrusted wi th the management. The employees report to their place of working. Lack of technological infrastructure poses another obstacle in the aspect of integration since the top management cannot effectively communicate with the employees in their working locations. Finally, the aspect of cultural diversity of the employees poses another challenge. Despite the various challenges, Gnazzo must be prepared to employ the strength of the organization to counter the weakness of the new system branch being adopted. As long as Chubby is bringing value to UTC, then the project is worth consideration. Gnazzo has to put in place the necessary infrastructures to ensure that, the above obstacles get eliminated and at the same time ensure minimum cost is incurred by the organization. Furthermore, He will be required to choose the right team to eliminate the various obstacles. Necessary resources will also be a required. In this whole process, it is Gnazzo’s role to ensure that, the competitors have no

Fredrick Douglas' Experiences with Learning to Read, Write, and Life Essay

Fredrick Douglas' Experiences with Learning to Read, Write, and Life After Slavery - Essay Example Douglas underwent rigorous struggle in order to educate himself first out of curiosity and then out of appreciation for education. He realized early on that the real way out of slavery’s clutches was to educate himself so that he could defend his claim to freedom. As per Douglas, the book Columbian Orator impressed him at an early age and left a sizable impression on him. Douglas seems highly taken back at the tender age of twelve by the ideas presented in the book especially in connection of the slave and master argument presented in the text (Douglas). This interaction with knowledge especially Douglas’s interaction with Columbian Orator can be seen as the defining moment in his life because it is then that Douglas realizes that a slave can match up to a free man. Given also the fact that the slave out maneuvers his master through argument (that is an application of knowledge) Douglas was impressed with this method to resolve the slavery problem. On a personal scale D ouglas is liberated and free as soon as he realizes that his freedom lies with no one else but his own intellectual capabilities. This realization is enough to transform Douglas from a poor oppressed slave to someone who can stand up for his rights. While Douglas was progressing on intellectual fronts, he was confronted with opposition from the very person who had initiated his learning in the first place. Douglas was taught the alphabet by his master’s wife who tended to treat him as an equal human being. However, after repeated warnings from Douglas’s master, his mistress began to distance herself from Douglas’s education till she became totally opposed to it. Initially she helped Douglas to learn the alphabet and to read a little but afterwards she would humiliate Douglas if he were caught with a newspaper, book or other such material even in his private time. Such behavior drove Douglas’s curiosity even further so that he solicited the help of white b oys his age in order to learn to read. Essentially the maltreatment meted out to Douglas due to his intellectual curiosity led Douglas to explore education as a means of liberation. It is at this point that Douglas begins to wonder if he will ever be given freedom (Douglas) and possibly it is at this point that Douglas begins to rely on intellect to claim and consummate his personal freedom. As Douglas’s life proceeded one of his masters Covey was bent upon breaking the spirit of the young Douglas through torture. Douglas would often receive beatings at the hands of Covey especially in the form of whipping when he was only sixteen years old. Rather than back down from his position as a teacher of other slaves and a proponent of freedom, Douglas chose to stand up to Covey. A physical show down between Covey and Douglas ensured that Covey would not touch Douglas for the rest of his life. The mere idea of equality as a human being was enough for Douglas to take onto his master g iven that such an action was taboo for its era. However, this does not indicate that Douglas became a rebellious character as his age progressed. Instead Douglas assumed a peaceful path that relied exclusively on education, knowledge and intellect in order to deliver himself and others like him from slavery. After claiming his freedom Douglas began an exciting career as an abolitionist and helped

The Role of the Individual in the Legal Process Essay

The Role of the Individual in the Legal Process - Essay Example One weakness of jury trial is that decisions of a jury may be influenced by facts that not in issue and irrelevant to the trial. Sadly, personal issues, prejudices, and emotions play a role in deciding critical matters such as the right to liberty of murder suspects. Juror 7 best demonstrates this. He votes depending on how the result will affect the baseball game he has bought a ticket to. He is impatient, wants the trial to end quickly and doesn’t care whether the defendant is found guilty or not. He starts by guilty then changes to not guilty to quickly bring the trial to a conclusion. Jurors 3 and 5 are used to show prejudice. Juror 5 is accused by Juror 3 of voting out of sympathy for the suspect having grown up in a slum like him. In addition, Juror 3 is used to demonstrate how emotions influence jury decisions. He simply wants someone to be punished and opts for the boy to be found guilty and punished. He just says that the boy has got to burn and is slipping through th eir fingers. No profound analysis of evidence presented. Finally, Juror 10 demonstrates the role of prejudice. He simply believes that people raised in slums like the suspect have a propensity to commit crimes and on that basis, would have found the suspect guilty. In some juries, members do not have opinions of their own and only vote according to the reasoning of their friends. For example, Jurors 4, 10, and 12 alter votes according to Juror 8’s logic that the old woman would not have had her glasses on in bed and did not have sufficient time to wear them in order to see the suspect clearly. Some opinions are skewed as they bear no relationship with the facts in issue. It is revealed that juror three remained as the only juror with a guilty verdict due to a bad relationship with his son and nothing to do with the evidence in consideration. Apart from the weaknesses of a jury discussed above, a jury is capable of delivering a

Strategic Planning for Starbucks

Strategic Planning for Starbucks Introduction Most Admired Companies by Fortune magazines coffee in the U.S. and Starbucks is the ninth and, above all, the company received the prestigious award of happiness. This recognition has Starbucks in planning long-term strategic management, which helped them also, enabled the world to grow your business. The company increased its Starbucks stores fifteen percent for 1987 and for more than six thousand two hundred thirty branches in the country. The criterion is that successful companies to maintain local interest in almost all societies in which they and the criteria are the financial strength to work for the faculty of social responsibility, services and quality products, the value of investment long term and quality management. The company is the distributor of coffee and the foreground is the brand of specialty coffee in the world. The company operates seen produce environmental, economic and social. Starbucks also has sales operations in more retail sales and production to drink Fra ppuccino coffee drinks and Starbucks coffee and ice cream joint venture (Seattle, 2003). The review of the performance of organizations by the Director of the company or the owner and the preparation of the plan on the basis of this review is strategic planning and some factors involved in this process are important issues that must be aligned, comments must be the daily work be separated and must be checked regularly. All these have to be clearly marked to develop a better strategic plan in some respects, †¢ What is the current state of the organization? †¢ What are the objectives? †¢ What are the strategies of the companys novel is in terms of risk? Strategic development of a better all organizations must focus on issues of vision, values, goals, tasks, programs and strategies (Business Papers, 2009). The main competitive strategy of organizations around the strategy of market behavior is to explain the system ahead of other competitors, the companys strategic direction. Porter model provides comprehensive information on the companys strategy and the corresponding threats and opportunities in the external environment of the company. Five workers were highlighted, which is defined through which every society and in all markets, profitability, competitive intensity and attractiveness of a company (Olivia Hunt, 2007). SWOT Framework Analysis SWOT analysis identifies strengths organizations, threats, vulnerabilities and opportunities. Strength: The main strength of Starbucks is from a customer and is very satisfied with the taste and quality of coffee. The company owns a brand of high and businesses are in good financial shape. The organization seeks to expand its high-speed pace and started in several stores in the United States in 2009. Brand awareness also helps the organization is successful, the strength of Starbucks in places that are convenient as shopping centers, etc. Library has excellent customer service. Strong mission and ethical values of the organization has a leadership role in the environment in all facets of the organization. Weaknesses: Starbucks organization has a good reputation for the creation and development of new products, but now with time. Prices compared with competitors are very high and operating costs are high. The company profits are dependent on coffee products. After less control over the operations outside the United States is the greatest weakness. Opportunity: The organization Starbucks is having a too good reputation in the markets to seize the opportunities in business process. The diversification of products is different forms like whole grain sales in supermarkets, the entry of the organizations in international markets such as Bangladesh, Pakistan and India. Starbucks co-brand with various food manufacturers. Threats: The recession in the present can affect sales in the international market could also pose a threat. Competitors are higher in developing countries, price changes can be a threat to Starbucks. Strength in international markets Starbucks faces due to political and cultural problems, differentiation from competitors minimized by imitation (John Williams and Tony Curtis, 2006). Starbucks have been chosen the topic because the organization has more strategic plans and research carried out showed that the organization was successful in its business markets. Task 2 Marketing Strategies The strategic decisions of organizations are Porters Five Forces, SWOT analysis and Ansoff analysis. Starbucks strategic decision can be explained by Ansoff Matrix Strategic options for organizations such as the action-oriented creative alternative uses that the responses to the external situation facing organizations. The benefits of strategic options, especially on trends, facts, dangers and global market participants are based. There are several strategic options as a support five forces, Ansoff Matrix and SWOT analysis pestle. Starbucks to recognize support five forces that these analyses of the global market options are explained. Five Forces Porter Potential new entrants: This option to analyze the organization to the current environment will help the organization competes. There is an increase in industry size of the coffee industry of scale. Some of the organizations such as Dunkin Donuts and McDonalds has distribution channels can be transported around the world through the coffee at low cost much new to other organizations towards the world market. Starbucks has to be cautious and other large organizations benefit from economies through the purchase of bulk coffee beans from the farmers to accept lower prices. There are some disadvantages in comparison can be forced to the costs imposed new entrants into the economies of scale. Deputy: There is a decrease in the products in the specialty coffee chemistry and many organizations have the industry with the threat in the type of products that have been recorded. The replacement of commodities will continue under the threat of the coffee industry are the drinks of Coca-Cola and Pepsi provided. Suppliers to negotiate, the bargaining power has changed in many ways, and it was through the growth of the coffee industry. The first time Starbucks has the authors, the coffee beans at low prices Starbucks started to be influenced to buy the coffee. The organization has reduced the capacity of the buyer to another, however. Industry rivalry: Since 1987 Starbucks rivalry rivalry with industry drastically changed in the early days of Starbucks coffee industry had to complete with coffee shops in the small, but now more of the competition, and this is the size of the industry. The main competitor of Starbucks is the Minneapolis-based Caribou Coffee, and this has created the third. The organization has made many changes to compete with their competitors who have modeled their coffee shops and newspapers and magazines have introduced Wi-Fi to attract customers. Bargaining power of buyers: The life force that the bargaining power of buyers has made, and this has applied to the modern coffee industry. The buyer of the specialty coffee industry is still single customer and that makes the industry easy to negotiate with customers. Negotiations with customers can depend on the type of buyer and Starbucks are two types of buyers, the children are able to say or individual buyers often large and multinational organizations (Argenti, 2004). Stakeholders Starbucks has stated a number of social indicators; the organization has also listed a number of stakeholders, including customers, suppliers, environmental groups, shareholders, coffee farmers, community members and staff. Coffee producers: Since 2002, the organization says that Starbucks has its price support for coffee farmers in the profit and supports families of farmers. The organization is responsible for managing the policy-maker today, the politics of environmental policy, economic, social and quality of manufacture, sale and cultivation of coffee, which is when the farmer and the cafe called the fairness in that it comprises 2004. In 2005, for the definition of principles is concerned COFFEE in the world procurement team has to be rolled out. In 2004, when coffee was 1.6 percent was purchased from Fair Trade suppliers that have been collected. After that, support the victims was obvious, and the Starbucks organization offering credit available to coffee producers. For the smaller coffee producers, the organization, indicating nearly six million dollars for the benefit of the interest rate of 2.5 percent. This is a support center for farmers in Costa Rica that provides technical assistance to f armers and also provides training for sustainable production of high quality coffee supplies. Manufacturer: As a Starbucks and evidence must meet the individual providers to demonstrate some of the rules. Some are specific indicators of economic responsibility, social responsibility, and employment measures, product quality and work management. Tracks status of purchase, better conditions and higher prices for suppliers, received high marks. Starbucks organization is with suppliers of bakery and dairy products in 2004, adopting strict measures to promote sustainable produces participate. Employees: The main objective of the business philosophy that makes the members feels comfortable and valued and treated with dignity and respect. In Fortune magazine, Starbucks was placed at the 34th level in 2004 and which has been considered to be among the top most organizations in the world. The benefits for employees are given in Starbucks which are independent of the age which also includes contributions of the employees to the organization. This channel will also promote two-way communication and this review included the mission, where members of the situations that can inform the direction in which the experience is to work with the guiding principles (Andrew L. Friedman and Samantha Miles, 2006). The organization must adapt to employees who are highly qualified and able to offer the customer service people. The benefits of the company have the capability of employees through training, have improved in the right way can provide good customer service. Been divided the company also benefits the employee and the relationship between market value of organizations and their contributions. Farmers, if not the coffee beans of high quality products, the market value of organizations is reduced and the competition is to cross the profit margin. By adopting some of these principles and strategies the organization can provide the at most fine quality coffee to customers throughout the world (Mark Brown, 2010). The direction of the organization should focus on strategies of the company by the models fit the organizational capacity of concentration. Starbucks management to focus more on staff, contributing greatly benefit organizations, the staff should be treated as a partner. Task 3 For any organization to succeed in its business process then its team has to understand the policies in the strategic and loss account, which provides more success than others to understand. This is the vision, mission, goals and values. The vision is the statement or the motto explaining the organizations goal or organizations can say whatever they want which includes their desire and targets. This should be echoed all types of people in the organization that helps employees who are fired, and even more proud that, as they have become part if the success of organizations. For the future of the vision statement of the organization indicates the direction and shape. The mission statement is the exact explanation of what the organization actually does, and this explains why the company exists today. Organizations of each member or employee must be able to carry out the mission of the company said. Each company has its own mission statements and management should be able to keep the def inition of the statements. Values are the strategic states, which are grounded and define how people behave in society as a whole, and this will give value to suppliers, internal customers and the community. This is mainly explained the measures, the adoption of the values that people will have in the organization are. This makes the employees of the organization to give each other see their expertise to the company to greater success. The determination of the effectiveness of organizations and has developed a very precise and clear sense of priorities, beliefs and direction because these are the values that well understood. In identifying these organizations goals, values and takes a practice that leads to performance feedback (Susan M. Heathfield, 2010). Starbuckss mission is to nurture and inspire the human spirit like a cup, a neighborhood and a person at a time. For the maintenance of the Mission of the Organization for the recording, the international brand has taken the aggressive approach in the different distribution channels such as retail, fashion, hotels and airlines. The vision of Starbucks is that the organization is to restore the old tradition of Italian coffee house back to the international world wants. The other important vision of Starbucks gave the customer a superior experience feeling of Art, where they also have a place to think and think and can make a great cup of coffee. A research project was conducted by researchers that have been made by the team of people in the techniques of coffee. Developed on the basis of this process, Starbucks, the identity of the corporate structure and has also created a store at the base of templates: roast, taste, cultivation and brewing. The targets are based primarily on customer satisfaction and these differ. The performance also defines the key to success. The key objectives are five and share risks and share rewards, market entry, development of common products, the confirmation of government regulation and technology. Other benefits include the distribution and political connections that depend on access and relationships (dollars start, 2010). Business Ethics Economic Ethics of Starbucks supports the mission, protecting the reputation and culture through the resources that the partners who make ethical decisions can help with the work. The maximum received reports of ethics in relation to issues of employee relations, and this trend is consistent with other companies and this is the alternative coverage as part of the compliance program (Business Ethics, 2010). Organizational Culture The corporate culture at Starbucks is the structure of beliefs, assumptions and values think and act accordingly within the company. The organization hired the Roman people and provides training to them during this process; employees learn the operation of machines and customer service and after staff which has been described in the culture of the organization (Cesario minor, 2009). The most important factors in the organization of Starbucks are the best quality of service and coffee beans. The Starbucks customer service should be high quality as the products of young Starbucks customers and low-income and less educated people rank as well as people and this training can make the organization, to see how a strategy for deployment and attracted the marketing opportunity. Task 4 Changes in Marketing Environment The Starbucks organization provides with the manifestation of the way changes are made. For example, if the house was the organization changed voice mail and sent a letter to staff, together with details of changes (Lucy, 2008). The organization is a coffee house with operations around the world, the person who organizes Howard D. Schultz has made efforts to alert the organization began during the Great Depression in 2008. Efforts were made to the customer experience, which has gained back only a few channels, if the employee has heard of the barista. In 2009, Starbucks has a reminder of the laity opens its employees and has closed some stores, but after that the benefits of the company to began renovating the shares, the revenue growth that has raised more than $ 24 per share. Then in 2010 the organization received more benefits in the second quarter of the reason is, began regular customers and visited more money spent. If the organization grows began there was an increase in customer traffic. This organization of Starbucks, the food offerings and also led to increased efficiency of the machines of automatic espresso machines. The recession of 2008, the company must change the economic climate, spending ha bits on luxury items (The New York Times, 2010). Functional areas: Each organization is radically different ways by the structures, rules, positions and recognized chains of dynamic structures in which the communications staff of the organization is divided into fixed and is expected instead to keep width according to requirement. The basic methods of the organization are the people on the basis of the methods according to geographical areas of the product. Function: This function divides the company into teams with the same fields as accounting, human resources, finance, marketing, etc. Due Process: This section makes people according to the processes, the implementation of the process successfully. For example, the retail industry organizations, such as Travis Perkins, Dixons and Argos, and these staff organizations to serve the customer equipment, packaging and presentation. Product: This group of people as a team for the products they produce. As each company has different departments and groups are divided by service. By geographic area: This explains that large organizations are in different geographical regions and different places or countries enlarged (The Times, 2010). The Starbucks organization is independent of some of the external relations; this has been the consistent process for the selection, management and search for a partner that develops high quality. Starbucks functional areas, the technical product development, procurement and purchasing operations, operations for the understanding of the activities of the organization say they will help supply relationship. The organization divides its employees to the division, as it helps the employee to work effectively and give the results of efficacy (Ranjay Gulati, 2010). Starbucks functional areas supports the organization in achieving competitive advantage in the world with this organization the advantage of always looking for new ideas, new experiences, new products for customers. Market trends are running in the Starbucks also questioned. This study contributes to the manufacture of their products at the best part of the community (Claudia Espejo, 2008). Task 5 Implementation of marketing strategy Milestones table sets out the objectives of Starbucks, strategy and objectives, and their release of Sales and Marketing Program. For each case is a landmark, it provides a qualitative and quantitative information on start dates and end budget figures, the responsibilities of departments and directors. When preparing a table of Milestone is important to consider the following points (strategic planning, 2010): Key points for monitoring critical business development in the organization. Specific steps to reduce the risk due to the increased viability For derivatives, the changes business plan in the plan can be overcome by available resources and contingencies are developed in accordance with the strategic plan. Available systems exist to determine the progress of society to achieve the milestones approved The objectives and the analysis is an integral part of the daily process of planning and management. Effective marketing strategy can succeed with products and services for developing the strategic plan and overall business planning (strategic planning, 2010). After the development and implementation of organizational effectiveness, efficiency and economy must be assessed. Assessment programs enable the organization to bridge the gap between the customers and organization. Evaluation methods help suppliers to be informed of decisions on profitability and that these programs can represent savings in reference to the expectations of local and international market. Evaluating the effectiveness, economy and efficiency cannot (Services, 2010): Improve management of evaluations, implementation and impact assessment, market and process the results. Improved long-term evaluation and strategic planning of the procurement notice. Improvement of deadlines, budgets and annual plans. Cases of validation programs regarding the uniqueness of the particular market. Improve and support for the use of screening tools that show the profitability and economic value of specific projects and programs Investigate whether the procedures and protocols of the EMV standard (assessment, measurement and verification) to behave with the expectations and demands close Planning and implementation of quality assurance. After the implementation of the new strategy is important to continuously monitor and can be explained by the following examples: Environmental strategies: They involve changes based on location, time or place where you can enjoy the behavioral problems and examples include: the change of the communities with the implementation of the new strategy, avoiding the configuration situations, because unexpected behavior of customers, etc. Behavioral strategies: These involve changes because of the consequences or past behavior of customers and employees. These can be explained by examples: an increase in corporate social responsibility to achieve the objectives of the organization, improvement of the reward for keeping the desirable conditions for employees, etc. Key Milestones Year Milestone 1979 Starbuck was born 1996 This year first Starbuck store was started and this was the first global store. 1999 This year in Beijing Starbucks was started. 2004 The share of the profits has increased with 90 percent. 2005 Fiscal goals have been achieved (Sarah E. Lockyer, 2004). Conclusions Starbucks has begun planning for the strategic management with the objective of achieving long-term prices on the prestigious U.S. magazine Fortune. The main criterion was to study the relevance at the local level so that, in terms of social responsibility, services and quality products to the value of long-term investment plan to operate and maintain the quality management. He used the principles and techniques and tools to develop marketing strategies and education. Marketing strategy, which was followed by the pattern of the five ports of Starbucks Corporation, it helps to know the inclusion of the following marketing strategies of the company. Have the potential entrants, substitutes, suppliers, bargaining power, competition in the industry, and bargaining power of buyers, the coffee producers, suppliers and employees. The successful organization can be developed more when its employees understands the strategic states such as vision, mission, objectives and values. The developme nt of these criteria, the Starbucks can aggressively as an international brand of different channels, like the fashion industry airlines, hotels, and commercial approach. To protect the reputation and corporate culture of the organization, the management has to follow some of the business ethics and values which in turn make the involvement of the employs. Organizational culture plays an important role of values, beliefs and assumptions about the recruitment process for all companies and customers. Maintain the best quality is the key to the success of Starbucks because it helps to attract customers from all communities. Due to the international economic crisis in 2008, the companys efforts to customers and other suppliers due to take over the strings. In addition, the company has evolved over climate change in marketing spending in the areas of functional luxury products, such as the role which is the method by product and by geography. Finally, the planning of the new marketing st rategy and its implementation are carried according to the changes that occur in settings made by the market.

educating the global citizen :: essays research papers

Educating the Global Citizen Quote: â€Å"Washing one’s hands in conflict between the powerful and the powerless means to side with the powerful, not to be neutral.† Paulo Friere who was a Brazilian educator and a human right activist wrote this quote. He was born in 1922 and died in 1997. The quote means that that if you don’t to anything to change the issue of the powerless then the powerful people are the ones that succeed. All the powerful need is for no one to stand in the way. If you grant them this then you truly helping them. If you side with the powerless then you are trying to help them and you are not being neutral which means doing nothing at all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An example is when the Europeans used African Americans as there slaves. The Europeans were the powerful and the African Americans were the powerless. Before the Underground Railroad people were being neutral about the situation. When they started this network of freeing slaves, the sided with the powerless, so that they could be free in Canada.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This quote is trying to make us make a difference in the world, instead of doing nothing at all. By helping someone in need you are making a big difference in our global village. To make a difference it not only takes the government but also us citizens. People all around the world are connected in someway or another. One issue can affect the whole world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One way that we can apply this quote to the present is how the world has allowed Iraq and Afghanistan to be attacked. Many innocent people, including children have been harmed because no one protested. The world helped the powerful and defeated the powerless. An issue that we are helping is the tsunami that happened in parts of Indonesia, Thailand and India.